Jean De France And Rousseau s Moral Love - 2003 Words

Though both authors agree that moral love is detrimental for society, Marie de France and Rousseau disagree on who is benefited or incapacitated by it. They both agree that moral love is created by social, however, France argues that it inhibits women from being themselves which prevents them from fully contribute to society, whereas Rousseau argues that women uses it to control men. France explores, through her stories, how society agree on certain standards that advantages men at expense on women’s happiness and sense of fulfillment. To France, moral love is an unspoken social contract that benefits men. Being moral love social in nature, France argues is can affect society in general: family, friends, children, relatives, etc. Furthermore, according to Marie de France, moral love may reveal ugly and wretched feelings; it may produce grief, jealously, fear, even turn someone into a murderer. Rousseau, on the other hand, says that the moral aspect of love works as social cont ract used for the advantage of some at the expense of others. Rousseau defines moral love as â€Å"an artificial sentiment born of social custom and extolled by women with so much skill and care in order to establish their hegemony and make dominant the sex that ought to obey† (11). He specifically argues that women manipulatively use moral love to gain control over men and as result men turn into a slave, fearful, and weak; therefore, impairing men’s ideas of love of oneself. Rousseau further asserts moralShow MoreRelatedThe Intersection Of Modernity And Gender1601 Words   |  7 Pagesthe fact that society sees the beauty of love and it talks about that love like gender does not exist on a single layer and is multidimensional. It does not have to prescribe to a socially acceptable norms. 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Introduction to 21st Fashion Free Essays

string(63) " director of the French design house Louis Vuitton since 1997\." Student name: Peiji Zhou Student number: 10344206 Content page: Lookbook and range building——————-P 3 Shop report———————————–P 7 Luxury brand———————————P 9 Ethical Fashion——————————–P 11 Footwear————————————-P 13 NEXT—————————————-P 16 Marks Spencer——————————P 18 Jeffery West———————————- P 21 Tannery visit——————————— -P 23 References————————————P 25 Lookbook and range building: A lookbook is a collection of photographs to show a style, a model or a clothing line. It usually exists in fashion website and fashion bloggers. lookbook is like a fashion portfolio or fashion diaries, Fashion bloggers update their fashion look constantly online. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to 21st Fashion or any similar topic only for you Order Now It can be a record for blogger’s own fashion look and also a record for other people’s looks such as a celebrity, politician or socialite, it can be described as ‘artist portfolio’. Nowadays, lookbook is common for stores and clothing designers to use it to show off products. They include photos of multiple types of clothes, shoes and other accessories from a season or line. Examples of lookbook: LOOKBOOK. nu known as ‘LB’— the largest online community which established in 2008 dedicated to showcasing member-uploaded â€Å"street style† photography. Members post photos on LOOKBOOK. nu to document their evolving style or a collective gallery from other ‘lookbolggers’. Non-members can also draw their daily fashion style on LOOKBOOK. nu. The most popular looks will be displayed on the ‘Hot’ page. â€Å"LOOKBOOK. nu was created to bring together creative, interesting, and openminded fashion enthusiasts, and to democratically recognize the talents of real people around the world. (lookbook. nu 2011). In a sense, LOOKBOOK. nu is the world’s first, truly editorless fashion magazine. Some lookbooks from fashion brand website: (LOVE. COM) (H;M. COM) Range building is usually mentioned with clothing line planning. They are important commercial functions in the fashion industry. The functions include maki ng a good range, taking into account customers, competitors, price points, fabrics, core items and seasonal specials. They are also a key function of fashion merchandiser who may consult with designers and buyers depending on the business operating structure of a company. The first step of range building is to determine what clothes to manufacture. Ascertain if there is a market for your proposed product, and then be able to define your specialty, both in line and price category. The market for clothes is as varied as the demographic segmentation of the population, it focuses on gender (girls, boys, woman, men. ) and age (baby clothes, granny clothes). Also, consider creating clothes for infants, large women and pregnant woman. Further, design clothes for a specific niche market such as for sports enthusiasts and athletes. (Golfing apparel, tennis outfits or swimwear). Shop report: Shop report is one kind of report that introduces, describe and present stores and shopping opportunities in specific area. Firstly, a shop report should include a brief description of the area of choice and information about the local demographic. Provide detailed address, contact information and website, give direction that reader can find the shop. Secondly, it should explain what products the shop is selling. Identify whether it is handbags, leather goods or shoes. For example, write a detailed description of the goods in terms of colour, design, themes. Further, outlining the prices of products for the shop is necessary, but it is not a list of every items. Give an approximation like shoes in this shop vary between $99~$500. These three steps are the base of shop report. A detailed shop report also provides a comparison of shops analyzed. Compare their selection of brands, designers, quality of garments, styles, prices and overall customer base. For example, while one shop may have a larger selection of clothing compared to other shops, the quality may be better in the stores with smaller selections. If possible, make a table of contents at the beginning of the report let reader find information quickly. This is a shop report of Kaight which is a fashion boutique in New York. It gives detailed information about the designers and introduction of the products. Another website which is GLLTN. COM has a few detailed shop reports about London stores. Luxury brand: Luxury can be described as the great comfort and extravagant living or ‘an inessential’, desirable item that is expensive or difficult to obtain. It is a specific tier of offer in almost any product or service category. Luxury products are always being classical, special, fashionable, value. Being luxury products are usually due to their design, quality, branding exclusivity, durability or performance. Luxury goods plays a role of status symbols as it tend to signify the power of purchase of people who can obtain them. In other words, luxury products are displaying wealth or income of their owners. These kinds of goods are objects of conspicuous consumption include handbags, shoes, cosmetics, jewelry, clothing, vehicle, perfume, watch, holiday, large residences. The recent global sales of luxury goods: leather goods (33%), watch;jewlry (30%), perfume;other (27%), apparel (10%). Luxury brand is a heritage global brand that is focused on exclusive fashion and luxury goods which is expensive and coveted by consumers. It is another market characteristic of luxury goods which is high profit margins as well as prices, and very tightly controlled brands. For example, LVMH (Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy) is the largest luxury good producer in the world with over 50 brands. In 2003, it made a profit of â‚ ¬2 billion on the sales of â‚ ¬12 billion. A few of luxury brands are classified as designer brand which is an established or rising major designer whose signature personality and associated with fashion. Such as Paul Smith, Vivienne Westwood, Prada, Giorgio Armani, Versace. There are some star designers like John Galliano who was head designer of French haute couture houses Givenchy in 1996 and Christian Dior now, and also his own self-titled fashion house. Karl Lagerfeld is a German fashion designer, artist and photographer. He is most notably as head designer and creative director for Chanel. John Paul Gaultier is a French haute couture fashion designer and the creative director of Hermes. Marc Jacobs who is an American fashion designer has been the creative director of the French design house Louis Vuitton since 1997. You read "Introduction to 21st Fashion" in category "Essay examples" He won a number of awards and has his own brand called Marc Jacobs as well. Top 10 luxury markets are Japan, North American, London, France, China, Italy, Taiwan, German, Spain, Switzerland, and Brazil. Ethical Fashion: Ethical in business is usually defined as doing no harm, take an active role in poverty reduction, sustainable livelihood creation and counteracting environmental concerns. Ethical Fashion is an umbrella term to describe ethical fashion design, production, retail, and purchasing. It covers a range of issues such as working conditions, exploitation, fair trade, sustainable production, the environment, and animal welfare. According to EFF. COM (2010), ethical fashion is an approach to the design, sourcing and manufacture of clothing which maximizes benefits to people while minimizing impact on the environment. The triple bottom lines of sustainability are social, environmental and commercial. A business or initiative is not ethical and sustainable unless the triple bottom line is integrated. Social: â€Å"Increasing the capacity and wellbeing of the people and communities behind fashion. Any fashion business depends on the people behind it. In a broader context, poverty and exploitation of the human workforce behind fashion affects the stability of the industry itself. † (EFF 2010) Environmental: play some action to reducing the environmental impact of all business operations. Such as awareness raising , investment in and support of environmental initiatives. Commercial: without a strong financial business structure, none of the above can be achieved and good intentions can backfire. Furthermore, a sustainable approach includes quality products or services that meet customers’ needs and are fairly marketed. The Ethical Fashion Forum has created a set of 10 criteria for ethical fashion: 1. Countering fast, cheap fashion and damaging patterns of fashion consumption 2. Defending fair wages, working conditions and workers’ rights 3. Supporting sustainable livelihoods 4. Addressing toxic pesticide and chemical use 5. Using and /or developing eco- friendly fabrics and components 6. Minimizing water use. 7. Recycling and addressing energy efficiency and waste 8. Developing or promoting sustainability standards for fashion 9. Resources, training and/ or awareness raising initiatives 10. Animal rights Case about ethical fashion: In Germany, a boom in sustainable fashion is expected these years. Although the market is still small, it is growing steadily. More than 200 fashion labels and 30concept stores are now dedicated to sustainability. Ethical fashion events are attracting an increasing number of visitors to Germany. Also, in October 2011, Universities in Germany opened first master degree course called â€Å"Sustainability in fashion†. Footwear: Footwear is included in garments, it is apparel worn on the feet. Footwear is a key element of fashion and adornment. It has been designed to meet people’s real and perceived needs-protection, support, comfort, sturdiness, and stylishness. According to Drummond (2000), From over 15,000 years ago, there were some draws which made by Spanish cave show humans with animals skin or furs wrapped around their feet. So, shoes in some form or another have been existed for a long time. From the sandal to modern athletic shoes, the evolution of footwear is marvels of engineering. Even today, footwear industries continue to developing and find new materials to cover our feet. Materials of footwear: Leather Plastic Rubber Textiles Wood Jute, Metal The Anatomy of a Shoe (footwearhistory. com): Breast: the front of the heel under the arch. Cap: the toecap. Counter: overlaid piece at the back of the upper. Feather: the part of the last and the shoe where the upper edge meets the sole. Insole: a piece of leather or other material between the sole and the foot. Puff: a light reinforcing inside the upper which gives the toe its shape and support. Quarter: the part of the back of the upper, which covers the heel. Seat: the concave part of the heel that fits into the shoe and into which the heel of the foot sits. Shank: a piece of metal inserted between the sole and the insole lying against the arch of the foot. Sole: the piece of leather or other material that comes in contact with the ground. Stiffener: the inside stiffening of the upper, covering the heel and giving the back of the shoe support. Throat: the front of the vamp. Top Piece: the part of the heel that comes in contact with the ground. Topline: the top edge of the upper. Upper: the piece of the shoe that covers the foot. Vamp: the part of the upper that covers the front of the foot as far as the back as the joint of the big toe. Waist: the part of the last and the shoe that corresponds to the arch and instep of the foot. Famous brands of footwear: NEXT: The NEXT was founded in 1982 by J Hepworth. Their first store was selling women fashion garments which include clothes, shoes and accessories. Nowadays, NEXT is the UK leading brand and owns more than 500 stores in the UK and 200 stores in oversea countries. Recent years, NEXT opened a few larger format fashion and home stores across the UK. The first combined fashion, home and garden store has been opened at Shoreham-by-sea in August 2011. It also means the product range of NEXT is wider than before. Its product range includes apparel of woman, men and children, homeware, electrical, grader accessories now. NEXT launched products for men in 1984, after 4 months there are 52 menswear stores. The home interiors was established in 1985 and childrenswear was added in 1987. Thus NEXT became a full-line lifestyle brand in a short time. The NEXT directory which is a new standard home shopping was launched in 1988. It is a seasonal catalogues of their products with fantastic photography. In 1999, NEXT became pioneer of online shopping as it created online version at www. Next. co. uk. Since 2011, NEXT’s standard of delivery has became next day on most home shopping orders, about 80% customers is trading online. In 2001, NEXT flowers which is selling plants, flowers, gift cards, wine;champagne. In 2008, NEXT acquires the younger women’s fashion brand which is Lipsy. Recently, NEXT has been appointed as official clothing and homewear supplier to the London 2012 Olympic Games. NEXT will supplies uniforms for 4,500 technical officials and suits for reception staff and also home textiles for the athlete’s village. John Barton has become the chairman of the board of NEXT Plc since 2006. He became a member of the board in 2002 and was appointed deputy chairman in 2004. Other board members are Lord Wolfson of Aspley Guise (Chief Executive), Christos Angelides (Group Product Director), David Keens (Group Finance Director), Andrew Varley (Group Property Director). Independent non-executive directors are Jonathan Dawson, Steve Barber, Christine Cross, Francis Salway. NEXT still continues to improve their customer service. In addition, NEXT has preparing has operations in Hong Kong, Sri Lanka and India and the UK engaged in the design, sourcing, buying, merchandising and quality control of NEXT products. Marks ; Spencer: Marks ; Spencer is also known as M;S which is a British leading retailer. M;S started from a market stall in 1884 by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer in Leeds. Now, its retailer headquartered in the city of Westminster, London. M;S owns over 700 stores in the UK and over 300 stores across more than 40 countries, over 78,000 people employed by M;S in the UK and abroad. M;S offer high quality fashion clothing and home products, as well as luxury food products. When Michael Marks came to England from Slonim, he opened his first penny bazaar in Leeds. Michael wanted to look for a partner to help his growing business. He reminded of Isaac Jowitt Dewhirst who lent money to Michael towards his start up costs. Isaac rejected Michael’s request, but he recommended his cashier who was Tom Spencer. After Tom’s agreement, Marks ; Spencer was born on 28 September. In the next few years, Michael Marks and Tom Spencer opened market stalls in many locations around the North West of England and moved the original Leeds penny bazaar to Manchester. In 1901, Marks ; Spencer built a warehouse at Derby Street, Manchester. It is the first property and company’s first registered address and it was also ready for having 145 stores by 1915. In 1920s, underwear first appeared in Marks ; Spencer, bra has become M;S most iconic product. Flagship store was opened at London, Records and electrical household goods were started selling in 1930s. Further, a food department was introduced selling produce and canned foods in 1931. Cafe bar was introduced in 1935. In 1940s, M;S created utility clothing, which could be brightly pattered but was very simple in design. The food technology department was established to collaborate with supplier and by 1942 it had created 82 Cafe bars in store. In 1950s, â€Å"We were not complaining when glamour came bouncing back. It was a time for looking forward†. (M;S) Fashion finally had the chance to rebel against the harsh conditions of the war years. A new style of dress was created base on the ‘Corolle’ collection by Christian Dior. It also improved the fit of clothing, such as nylon stockings. In 1956, M;S became the first retailer to introduce No Smoking rules in their stores. During 1960s, M;S created a number of modern new items. Tights were introduced to M;S for the first time in 1962. New products made from the man-made fabric terylene which is a type of polyester, it was very popular because it was so practical and hardwearing. In order to sell fresh products to customers, M;S invented the â€Å"cold-chain† process, to keep meat chilled and fresh. Therefore, M;S was the first major British retailer to offer fresh, chilled chicken. .In the early 1970s, frozen food became more and more popular. M;S developed our nation cuisine because it was the first major retailer selling Indian and Chinese meals. On the other hand, â€Å"From the mid-1970s suppliers slowly became more involved in design. †(M;S), the products were designed by Brian Godbold, and it leaded the fashion trends. First range of furniture was introduced in 1986. M;S launched an online shopping service in 1999. The limited collection for woman was launched in 2003. M;S announced the opening of the world’s largest MS shop at Dubai Festival City in 2007. MS opened its first mainland China shop in Shanghai in 2008. More than 125 years, Marks Spencer never change their five key principles Quality, Value, Service, Innovation and Trust. As well as, the five key principles is reflected by â€Å"plan A† that target climate change, waste, sustainable raw materials, fair partnerships and health. Jeffery West: Jeffery West is a British shoes brand which created by Mark Jeffery and Guy West. Jeffery West began in 1983 when Mark Jeffery and Guy West decided to selling second-hand shoes which were reject products and samples from the shoe factory of Mark’s father. In 1987, the first Jeffery West shoe was designed. They were designing and selling their own shoes at markets in Northamptonshire and London, although they were just 16 years old. Jeffery West has earned a loyal following by unique, innovative designs and superior quality. Jeffery West produces men’s shoes and men’s accessories are suitable for the modern gentleman. â€Å"Jeffery West shoes and Jeffery West boots merge both classic rich designs with modern sophistication and elegance† (Mr-shoes. co. uk 2010) â€Å"Jeffery West uses laborious techniques such as hand burnished uppers and Goodyear welted soles, to create edgy, luxurious shoes for the true modern dandy. (asos. co. uk. 2012) The company’s aim is to produce passionate designs consistently and high attention to detail and commitment to originality that make sure each shoe is special. While many footwear manufactures are cutting corners with mass production and produce the same trite designs, Jeffery West remains committed to hand-making, artful adornment and exclusive style. Jeffery West in Northampton. Tannery visit: Tannery is the term for place where to tanning. Tanning is the process of treating skins of animals and produce durable leather. Traditionally, Tanning used an acidic chemical compound called tannin. Coloring may occur during tanning. In addition, â€Å"A tannery may be associated with a grindery, originally a whetstone facility for sharpening knives and other sharp tools, but later could carry shoemakers’ tools and materials for sale. † (Possehl, Gregory L. 1996) Before tanning, the skins should be â€Å"defresh† that include unhaired, degreased, desalted and soaked in water about 6 hours to 48 hours. Tanning can be performed with either vegetable or mineral methods. Except drying, the steps of preparation are often more complex than the process of tanning and production of leather. Curing is the most first step of tanning. Preparing skins begins by curing them with salt, curing removes superfluous water from hides in a different osmotic pressure and usually done by preserving the hides at an extreme low temperature. Beamhouse operations are known as the steps in the production of leather between curing and tanning, which include soaking, liming, unhairing and scudding, deliming, bating, drenching, and picking. Vegetable tanning is a traditional method that uses tannin (an acidic chemical compound). Tannin is collected from bark and leaves of many plants. Tannins bind to the collagen proteins in the hide and coat them causing them to become less water-soluble, and more resistant to bacterial attack. †(Fao. org 2005) Vegetable tanning causes the hide become more flexible so that vegetable tanned hide is used for luggage and furniture. The process of vegetable tanning takes a long time and it can take up to 60 days. Today, the process has been speeded up wit h chrome tanning (mineral tanning). Chrome tanning usually only taking up to 1 day and produces stretchable leather which is great for use in handbags and clothes. But chrome tanning is very bad for the environment. References: Lookbook. com. (2011). lookbook. nu help. Available: http://lookbook. nu/help. Last accessed 5th May 2012 Fulbright J. (2012). Starting a Clothing Line Business . Available: http://www. powerhomebiz. com/vol66/clothing. htm. Last accessed 5th May 2012. Glltn. com. (2006). LONDON SHOP REPORT. Available: http://glltn. com/london-shop-report/. Last accessed 5th May 2012 Heine K. (2011). The Concept of Luxury Brands . Available: http://www. conceptofluxurybrands. com/. Last accessed 5th May 2012. Ethicalfashionforum. com. (2010). What is Ethical Fashion?. Available: http://www. ethicalfashionforum. om/the-issues/ethical-fashion. Last accessed 5th Freitag A. (2012). Germany’s ‘green’ fashion market . Available: http://source. ethicalfashionforum. com/article/germanys-green-fashion-market-. Last accessed 5th May 2012. Apma. org. (2012). Footwear. Available: http://www. apma. org/MainMenu/Foot-Health/Brochures/Learn-About-Your-Feet/Footwear. aspx. Last access ed 5th May 2012. Footwearhistory. com. (2002). History of footwear. Available: http://www. footwearhistory. com/index. shtml. Last accessed 5th May 2012. ShoeGuide. Org . (2006). a footwear encyclopedia. Available: http://www. shoeguide. rg/. Last accessed 5th May 2012 Nextplc. co. uk. (2012). Business overview. Available: http://www. nextplc. co. uk/about-next/business-overview. aspx. Last accessed 5th May 2012 Marksandspencer. com. (2012). MS historytimeline. Available: http://www. marksintime. marksandspencer. com/ms-history/timeline/. Last accessed 5th May 2012. Marksandspencer. com. (2012). Company overview. Available: http://corporate. marksandspencer. com/aboutus/company_overview. Last accessed 5th May 2012. Adams G. (2012). About Jeffery West. Available: http://www. jeffery-west. co. uk/jefferywest/about. sp. Last accessed 5th May 2012 freewebs. com. (2006). Tannery . Available: http://www. freewebs. com/whitwellhall/tanneryhistory. htm. Last accessed 5th May 2012 fao. org. (2010). TANNERIES. Available: http://www. fao. org/WAIRDOCS/LEAD/X6114E/x6114e05. htm#TopOfPage. Last accessed 5th May 2012 squidoo. com. (2011). Chrome VS Vegetable Tanned Leather . Available: http://www. squidoo. com/chrome-versus-vegetable-tanned-leather. Last accessed 5th May 2012 Possehl, Gregory L. (1996). Mehrgarh in Oxford Companion to Archaeology, edited by Brian Fagan. Oxford University Press Images from: How to cite Introduction to 21st Fashion, Essay examples

Mount Pinatubo Essay Example

Mount Pinatubo Essay Mount Pinatubo is located in Philippines, in the central area of the island of Luzon. It is bordered by 3 provinces namely Pampanga, Zambales and Tarlac. It is part of the western volcano chain that extends more than 137 miles in a north south direction. The volcano began to be active approximately around 1.1 million years ago. It is a stratovolcano that comprises of numerous lava domes surrounded by layers and layers of pyroclastic material.The volcanic eruptions of Mount Pinatubo are separated by centuries of inactivity or quiescence. This allows dense tropical vegetation to grow around the volcano during these periods of quiescence. The eruptions are usually destructive, explosive and massive in size and involve the emission of large quantities of ash and pumice. Subsequently, this results in formation of lava domes.Devastating eruptionIn June 1991, after about 400 years of inactivity, Pinatubo produced one of the most massive explosions the world has ever seen. Before the major e xplosion, a series of minor explosions and earthquakes began on June 12. This series of minor events, which indicated an imminent explosion, ended on June 15. To be exact, at 10.27 am that morning, a Plinian column of gas (a vertically-directed ash column erupted from the newly formed horseshoe-shaped crater within minutes of the lateral blast), ash and pumice rose to a height of 40 km, producing a giant umbrella that extended over several hundred kilometers.The giant umbrella subsequently blackened the sky, raining pumice and ash over an area expanding over 300 thousand square kilometers. Several hours later, Mount Pinatubo produced a sequence of pyroclastic flows, devastating valleys located near the volcanoes and areas up to a distance of 15 kilometers. This massive eruption led to the formation of a caldera of 2km in diameter.Why the immediate effects had minimal impactDue to the series of minor explosions and earthquakes, scientists and researches were able to predict when Moun t Pinatubo was going to erupt. Hence, they had the time and opportunity to evacuate the resident population of about 1.8 million people. Thus, despite the fact that the eruption was massive and highly destructive, the immediate effects on the population were small. The eruptions killed 833 people and injured 184. 23 were never found. Even so, most of the deaths, which in actuality occurred in the months after the eruptions, were the result of mudflows.Long-term effectsThe long-term effects can be classified into two categories economic losses and destruction of the environment. The economic losses were colossal. An estimated 651 thousand people were unemployed. Clark Airbase, one of the largest in the world, famous as a base of operation in the Vietnam War was rendered unusable and had to be abandoned. One of the most dramatic results of the eruptions was the massive movement of ash and pumice caused by typhoons in later years. Of the estimated 1.7 to 2.4 cubic miles of material ac cumulated on the slopes of the volcano, 70% has been swept away and carried downhill in the form of immense mudflows or lahars. These mudflows buried towns, knocked down power lines, swept away roads and caused more victims then the eruptions.Steps undertaken to mitigate effectsOver the months and years following the eruptions, artificial embankments have been built to prevent the flooding of inhabited and cultivated area. Decisive human efforts undertaken before, during and after the 1991 eruption reduced the loss of human life and mitigated the financial losses. Even so, the eruption caused an enormous disturbance in the geological balance of a vast area, a disturbance that will have effect on the inhabitants and the environment for many years to come.KrakatauIntroduction to KrakatauKrakatau is a volcanic island located between Java and Sumatra, in the center of the Sunda Strait. Before its infamous 1883 eruption, Krakatau had been composed of a row of three volcanic cones inside an ancient caldera. In the year 1883, one by one the three cones began activity. From May to mid-August, the volcanic activity was not very explosive. The violent eruptions only began late August, reaching their high point on August 27.Devastating eruption (1883, August 26-27)Mount Krakatoa erupted on The eruption destroyed more than 2/3 of the island of Krakatau and 165 towns and villages were destroyed. There was also a great loss of life as many also were killed by the tsunamis that followed the eruption. The sound of the explosion could be heard from Australia, more than 4000 km away.Long-term effectsThe volcanic eruption produced seaquakes that caused 100-foot high tsunamis that circled the globe six and a half times and drowned more than 36,000. Sea waves caused by the blast were still recorded a week after the initial eruption. In addition to that, the shockwave produced also circled the planet a total of 3 times. More than a year afterward, floating islands of pumice from Kr akatau were discovered 7,500 miles away. Dust particles were carried 50 miles high into the stratosphere, where they were blown all over the world. For a full year after the event, only 87% of sunlight was able to shine through the particles in the atmosphere and reach earth.The eruption had generated 30-70 metric tons of sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere. This caused the sun to appear to be blue-green. Moreover, the increased amount of sulfuric acid concentration in the atmosphere drastically increased in reflectivity or albedo which in turn caused more incoming rays from the sun to be reflected back into the atmosphere. Clouds play an important role in keeping the Earth cool by reflecting sunlight, but they can also serve as blankets to trap warmth. This, along with the large amount of dust particles in the atmosphere, caused global temperatures to fall by approximately 1.2 degrees Celsius.The Krakatau eruption in 1883 has also been credited with causing the emergence of noctil ucent clouds. Noctilucent clouds are bright clouds, seen at twilight, that are located high above the Earths surfaces in the mesosphere which is rare as clouds are generally unable to reach such altitudes given the thin air pressure. These special clouds are only able to be seen when they are illuminated by sunlight from below the horizon. The first instance of noctilucent clouds was reported in 1885, soon after the infamous 1883 eruption, prior to which they did not exist.Mount St HelensIntroduction to Mount St HelensThe formation of Mount St Helens began in the Pleistocene, and much of its massif, the block of the earths crust bounded by faults and shifted to form peaks of a mountain range,2 was produced by basaltic and andesitic lava flows. The summit area, or what remains of it, is 2200 years old. Mount St Helens is probably the most active volcano in the Cascade Range. The Cascade Range is a major mountain range of western North America, extending from southern British Columbia through Washington and Oregon to Northern California.3 Before the major eruption in 1980, St Helens was composed of a regular cone, with a base diameter of about 7km, reaching an overall height of almost 9840 feet, approximately 3000m. A series of minor earthquakes signaled that the volcano would return to activity.The explosion of the magma accumulated in the mountains. Simultaneously, cloud of gas and debris blasted northward by the explosion and traveled at supersonic speed at an estimated temperature of 250 degree C, devastating almost 232 square miles or 600 km2 of forest land. Vertical column of gas and ash formed over the volcano reaching a height of about 16km. following that, a series of pyroclastic flow descended along the valleys of the volcano. Around 5pm paroxysmal phase of the eruption ended leaving a destroyed landscape and a gutted mountain. Following the eruption, a series of lahars added further damage to the surrounding territory causing devastation in many of th e river valleys that spread out from the volcano. After the may 18 eruption, st Helens erupted 5 more times but none as intense as the first. Some small eruptions that occur during winter months melt part of the snow cover setting off lahars and avalanches.Mauna LoaIntroductionBeing 4km above sea level and another 13 km below sea level, the shield volcano Mauna Loa that stands at 17km above its base is known as the worlds largest volcano. It is situated on the Island of Hawaii and having erupted for 33 times since 1843, it is one of most active shield volcanoes in the world. Its last eruption was in 1984. There are no records of deaths directly caused by Mauna Loa volcanic eruptions. The only way the eruption has made an impact was by destroying property and cities. For instance, in 1881 an enormous lava flow stopped right outside the city of Hilo after traveling a distance of 47km. The city narrowly escaped destruction.ImpactPeople living in the vicinity are most likely be impacted by the lava flow of Mauna Loa. Although lava flow is quite slow and people are able to escape from it, the intensity of the eruption can be so great that it causes the lava from the volcano to flow at a much faster rate. This covers the viscosity of the lava. Besides this, the volcano is also steep thus contributing to a higher viscosity. Also, the high volume and long lengths which causes the lava to reach the sea also account for the hazards.It is the lava flows that pose a threat to people living along the slopes of the volcano and their properties there. Volcanic eruptions in 1926 and 1950 destroyed the villages of Hoà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½opuloa Makai and Hoà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½okena Mauka on the island respectively leaving dwellers there homeless. In 1935, Mauna Loa had such a huge eruption that the flow of lava threatened to destroy Hilo, a city which arose due to the lava solidifying as it flowed from the same volcano. This flow of lava created such a large power of air that the United States Air force were forced to drop bombs before the lava flowing could reach Hilo in order to prevent it from destroying the island.If Mauna Loa erupts, it is probable that it will flow through hotels from Waikoloa to Puaka which will heavily impact the economy of the Island of Hawaii.How to mitigate these effects?Authorities have to create awareness to the residents of those living near the volcano on how to react and what to do should there be an eruption in the future. They have to be prepared and be able to accurately calculate approximately the least time there is to respond so that they can evacuate to a safer place in time, and not overestimate the time there is. Also, authorities should set up a volcanic warning plan so that they can successfully counter the unforeseen circumstances should the volcano suddenly erupt.Furthermore, Mauna Loa, along with the neighboring volcano Kilauea, is one of the most studied volcanoes in the world. Because of this, models of the volcanos behavio ur can be created based on its eruptive history. This can assist scientists in predicting the next eruption and thus giving ample time for villagers living near Mauna Loa to evacuate.How to deal with certain effectsPyroclastic flowsPyroclastic flows travel so rapidly that it is pointless to try and divert its direction once it has started. Besides this, pyroclastic flows are also able to climb or flow over obstacles hence creating obstacles would not exactly be effective. According to the book, Volcanoes, by David A. Rothery, the only logical way to protect property from a pyroclastic flow is to construct a sequence of barriers of about 30m high designed to channel the flow upwards. This would hopefully allow the flow to form a buoyant plume. Although expensive, this method may help make a pyroclastic flow less a hazard.AshfallAfter an eruption, the air in areas within the vicinity of the explosion or sometimes even further will be heavy with ash and polluted with harmful gases fo r quite some time. This can prove to be a health hazard. Since ashfall cannot be prevented, the public has to take precautionary measures. For instance, during that period when the air is still heavily polluted, people living in the vicinity can wear protective clothing and high-efficiency dust masks to prevent inhalation of dust particles. Furthermore, drivers should also keep a fair distance between vehicles because of the reduced visibility.Which volcano is most likely to cause most long-term damage when it erupts? Why?From the book Volcanoes by Mauro Rosi, PaoloPapale, Luca Lupi, Marco StoppatoAnalysis of diagramFrom the diagram, it can be seen that among the volcanoes Pinatubo, St Helens and Krakatau, based on their most significant and recent eruptions, Krakatau emitted the highest volume of material as much as 20km3. We therefore believe that Krakatau would cause the most long-term damage if it were to erupt again. Since more materials like ash, gas and volcanic debris are d ischarged, there is a higher possibility that it will disturb the climate and destroy the vegetation to a greater extent as compared to the other two volcanoes. Furthermore, since Krakatau has the longest period of quiescence among the three volcanoes, we also assume that the accumulation of pressure is larger. Thus, we believe that the next time Krakatau erupts, the effects will be more damaging and devastating than the other two.Comparing the pressure build-ups of the three volcanoesMount St. HelensStudies have shown that although the volcano emits steam frequently, there has been no eruption since 1985. However, since there is still the presence of hot magma underneath the mountain, there is always a possibility of another eruption. Even so, scientists state that the eruptions would be relatively small and a large eruption like the one in 1980 would be highly unlikely.The reason the 1980 eruption was so massive was because the volcanic cone kept the magma from erupting. This caus ed a large amount of pressure to build up. Thus when the volcano finally erupted in 1980, the eruption was large. However since the top of the volcano is now gone, there is less weight preventing the magma from erupting. This means that the eruptions will occur after smaller amounts of pressure have built up. Thus, the subsequent eruptions of Mount St Helens should not be as damaging or devastating. The air pollution and damage to vegetation should not be as drastic as that in 1980.Once St Helens recovers to its original cone-shape however, it is highly likely that a large-scale eruption will occur. Nevertheless, this would not happen for at least another few centuries.Mauna LoaAs compared to the other two volcanoes, Mauna Loa erupts the most frequently, with 33 known eruptions since 1843. The eruptions were fairly small and non-violent-in comparison to Krakatau and St Helens and the long-term damage is minimal as mentioned in an earlier section in the report. Thus since the period s in between eruptions are fairly short, we conclude that the pressure-buildup is small. Hence, if Mauna Loa were to erupt again, we believe that the long-term damage would not be as devastating as Krakatau or St Helens as it will most likely be a non-violent eruption. The less violent the eruption, the amount of lava and gases emitted will be smaller.KrakatauKrakatau has not erupted since 1883, which means it has the longest period of inactivity among the three volcanoes. Hence, as mentioned earlier, since Krakatau has the longest period of quiescence, we can safely assume that the pressure-buildup is larger. Thus, we believe that the next time Krakatau erupts, the eruption will be a violent one. The more violent the explosion, the higher the probability that it will affect the climate and make radical changes to the environment.In conclusion, we believe that if Krakatau were to erupt, it would cause the most damaging long-term effects as it is highly probable that its eruption wil l be a violent one.Volcano eruptions will also be a concern to people. This is because, there will be a greater risk and impact on the countrys economy as we venture into a more and more developed society where each event will heavily cause knock-on effect on others. 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Free Essays on Women In The 1900s-1930s

Women in the 1900s-1930s Women in the 1900s-1930s went through many struggles and hardships in order to survive and stand as an equal towards the power of men. Women were looked down upon as someone who has no importance in the world except staying at home and cleaning the house. Through the 1900s-1930s women struggled in order to have political and social rights in order to show their importance in society. Women back then presented the importance and strength of their selves and helped provide many rights that women have today. Women did not have equal rights towards men in the workforce in the early 1900s. Many employers dismissed women from the most skilled and high paid jobs. Therefore, women did not have equal income as men did back in the 1900s. Between 1880 and 1900, education became an importance among men and women. Educators established private women’s colleges that were separate from the men’s. Most of the scholarships went to men and women had a harder time getting a college education. Due to discrimination of women getting a college education, it caused women to suffer economically because of their low-end jobs. Most women in the first three decades of the 20th century took on the role as a housewife who cleaned and took care of her children. The society believed the stereotype of women not having the mindset for professional training. Women struggled in order to have a larger role in society. After the Civil War, many middle-class women joined organizations for sociability and for their own self-confidence. Most of these organizations evolved around topics of common interest, issues such as temperance and girl’s education, and the ability to speak their minds. Women even debated on how they should present their selves among society. They began to â€Å"bob† their hair and wear blouses and skirts. Also, females began to get caught on the issue of having voting rights equal to men. Many women joined the suf... Free Essays on Women In The 1900s-1930s Free Essays on Women In The 1900s-1930s Women in the 1900s-1930s Women in the 1900s-1930s went through many struggles and hardships in order to survive and stand as an equal towards the power of men. Women were looked down upon as someone who has no importance in the world except staying at home and cleaning the house. Through the 1900s-1930s women struggled in order to have political and social rights in order to show their importance in society. Women back then presented the importance and strength of their selves and helped provide many rights that women have today. Women did not have equal rights towards men in the workforce in the early 1900s. Many employers dismissed women from the most skilled and high paid jobs. Therefore, women did not have equal income as men did back in the 1900s. Between 1880 and 1900, education became an importance among men and women. Educators established private women’s colleges that were separate from the men’s. Most of the scholarships went to men and women had a harder time getting a college education. Due to discrimination of women getting a college education, it caused women to suffer economically because of their low-end jobs. Most women in the first three decades of the 20th century took on the role as a housewife who cleaned and took care of her children. The society believed the stereotype of women not having the mindset for professional training. Women struggled in order to have a larger role in society. After the Civil War, many middle-class women joined organizations for sociability and for their own self-confidence. Most of these organizations evolved around topics of common interest, issues such as temperance and girl’s education, and the ability to speak their minds. Women even debated on how they should present their selves among society. They began to â€Å"bob† their hair and wear blouses and skirts. Also, females began to get caught on the issue of having voting rights equal to men. Many women joined the suf...

Interesting Facts About Metal Alloys

Interesting Facts About Metal Alloys Chances are you often encounter metal alloys in your everyday life in the form of jewelry, cookware, tools, and most other items made of metal. Examples of alloys include white gold, sterling silver, brass, bronze, and steel. Here are some interesting facts about metal alloys. Facts About Common Alloys An alloy is a blend of two or more metals. The blend can form a solid solution or can be a simple mixture, depending on the size of the crystals that form and how homogeneous the alloy is. Here are some distinctive alloys: Although sterling silver is an alloy consisting mainly of silver, many alloys with the word silver in their names are only silver in color. German silver and Tibetan silver are examples of alloys that have the name but dont contain any elemental silver.Many people believe steel is an alloy of iron and nickel, but it consists primarily of iron, carbon, and any of several other metals.Stainless steel is an alloy of iron, low levels of carbon, and chromium. The chromium gives the steel resistance to stain, or iron rust. A thin layer of chromium oxide forms on the surface of stainless steel, protecting it from oxygen, which is what causes rust. However, stainless steel can be stained if you expose it to a corrosive environment, such as seawater. That environment attacks and removes the protective chromium oxide coating more quickly than it can repair itself, exposing the iron to attack.Solder is an alloy used to bond metals to each other. Most solder is an alloy of lead and tin. Special solders exist for other applications. For example, silver solder is used in the manufacture of sterling silver jewelry. Fine silver or pure silver is not an alloy and will melt and join to itself. Brass is an alloy consisting primarily of copper and zinc. Bronze, on the other hand, is an alloy of copper with another metal, usually tin. Originally, brass and bronze were considered to be distinct alloys, but in modern usage, brass means any copper alloy. You might hear brass cited as a type of bronze or vice versa.Pewter is a tin alloy consisting of 85 to 99 percent tin with copper, antimony, bismuth, lead, and/or silver. Although lead is used much less often in modern pewter, even lead-free pewter typically contains a small amount of lead. Lead-free is defined as containing no more than 0.05 percent (500 ppm) lead, which remains appreciable if the pewter is used for cookware, dishes, or childrens jewelry. Facts About Special Alloys These alloys have interesting properties: Electrum is a naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver with small amounts of copper and other metals. Considered by the ancient Greeks to be white gold, it was used as far back as 3000 B.C. for coins, drinking vessels, and ornaments.Gold can exist in nature as a pure metal, but most of the gold you encounter is an alloy. The amount of gold in the alloy is expressed in terms of karats, so 24-karat gold is pure gold, 14-karat gold is 14/24 parts gold, and 10-karat gold is 10/24 parts gold or less than half gold. Any of several metals can be used for the remaining portion of the alloy.An amalgam is an alloy made by combining mercury with another metal. Almost all metals form amalgams, with the exception of iron. Amalgam is used in dentistry and in gold and silver mining because these metals readily combine with mercury.

Research Proposal for a Grant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Proposal for a Grant - Essay Example The FBI has completely transformed its operations to better detect, penetrate, and dismantle terrorist enterprisesoverhaul[ing] its counterterrorism operations, expand[ing] intelligence capabilities, moderniz[ing] business practices and technology, and improv[ing] coordination with its partners" ("Fact Sheet: Justice Department Counter-Terrorism Efforts Since 9/11," 2008). Currently, the war in Afghanistan against a combination of the Taliban, insurgent rebels, and tribal warlords has fueled a conflict that few could imagine. The treacherous mountainous terrain of Afghanistan makes fighting in that area even more difficult. Right now, "the Obama administration has grappled with whether to send as many as 80,000 additional U.S. troops to fight the Taliban in Afghanistan or use missile-carrying spy planes and covert military missions to focuson al-Qaida leadersin Pakistan...no decision on the future of the war strategy should be made [till after elections]" (Jakes, 2009, pghs. 10 & 11). In Afghanistan, there is most likely to be a runoff election in November due to the mishandling of the election. Incumbent Prime Minister Hamid Karzai's position is at stake, due to the fears that the war will move to the capital of Aghanistan, with the Taliban taking over. According to Seymour Hersh (2004), there was "a tiny C.I.A. ... troops to fight the Taliban in Afghanistan or use missile-carrying spy planes and covert military missions to focuson al-Qaida leadersin Pakistan...no decision on the future of the war strategy should be made [till after elections]" (Jakes, 2009, pghs. 10 & 11). In Afghanistan, there is most likely to be a runoff election in November due to the mishandling of the election. Incumbent Prime Minister Hamid Karzai's position is at stake, due to the fears that the war will move to the capital of Aghanistan, with the Taliban taking over. In fact, the U.S. offensive in Afghanistan According to Seymour Hersh (2004), there was "a tiny C.I.A. outpost in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, near the Afghanistan border, [where people] watched helplessly as Saudi-backed Islamic fundamentalists-the precursors of the Taliban-consolidated training bases and began to recruit supporters and run operations inside the frontier nations of the former Soviet Union" (pp. 79). Quite frankly, the U.S. still has reason to believe that terrorists, including Osama bin Laden, pose a threat to the United States from both Afghanistan and Pakistan. This is the reason for having launched new offensives in Afghanistan. Meanwhile, President Obama must make the decision whether or not to send another 40,000 troops to Afghanistan. In order to make the world (and the U.S.) a safer place, it is commendable to the U.S. that it might send more troops. However, with a burgeoning national budget deficit of $1.4 trillion dollars, the United States is in a weak position to bargain, especially with its main creditor, China. This opens the U.S. up to even more vulnerability since the U.S. is currently borrowing 80% of the U.S. national GDP. In order to make security better in a

Work-Related Communication Problem in Corporate Communication Essay

Work-Related Communication Problem in Corporate Communication - Essay Example Signals of this prolific growth have been evident since 2003, which has resulted in a constant drive by retailers to introduce new delivery mechanisms to broaden customer reach (Diamond and Pinter, 2004). As such, this has seen a shifting approach in multi-channel retail strategy from bricks and mortar to multi-level formats including home shopping and mobile commerce (Levy and Weitz, 2008). With increasing and improving technology, various steps are taken for the improvement of communication because businesses run on the basis of good communication skills. For understanding the problems of communication, individual performance is very important to understand. Various assessment tools and theories-based on human nature provide perspectives in understanding individual performance in the workplace. To this end, the consideration of the social exchange theory and social penetration theory highlight the underlying motivation in social relationships. It is further submitted in the corporate context that a comprehensive understanding of the social exchange theory and social penetration theory are key organizational development going forward. The corporate communication is very significant for the development and establishment of businesses all over the world. The communication problems such as work-related communication problems are very crucial as they affect the organization negatively if handled carelessly. Leading sociologist George Caspar Homans is usually hailed as the central consolidator of Social Exchange Theory works in his work â€Å"Social Behaviour as Exchange† (1958). In general terms, the social exchange theory posits that social change and stability is a process of negotiated exchanges between parties (Homans, 1958).