Essay - 897 Words

We, as humans, have come a long way in terms of tools. We started out using rocks, sticks, and simple things found in nature. Now we use heavy, complex machinery and synthetic plastics to generate and design anything we could possibly think of. In an effort to understand the ways of earlier humans differently, I was tasked with researching and creating a tool using the methods from prehistory. In this ethnography, I will be describing the tool that I made, explaining modern tools in today’s society, and speculating how I would fair in prehistoric times. For our class activity last week, I decided to make a spoon out of an old piece of bone. In my research, I discovered that in early cultures, people would remove the larger bones from the†¦show more content†¦I wanted to be as authentic as possible, so I stuck to my backyard and I only gathered materials that were completely natural. I only used things that could be found in nature alone. I spent a couple hours in clas s and then for the next few days continued to work on it. It was difficult for me to figure out how to actually make this idea work. And once I did figure out how to move forward and do the steps I had a few issues with actually figuring out how to carry them out in an efficient and successful way.I am part of a generation where it has always been if you need something then you simply drive to a store and buy it premade, all wrapped up in a little plastic package. So to have to figure out a way to create something that I needed instead of just going and buying it was different for me. Next, I took a look and tried to gain a new perspective from the modern tools that we use everyday. Most of their names describe exactly what their primary functions are. For example a hammer is used to hammer things in and a screwdriver is used to drive in screw. We use a lot of different tools. Each of our tools are specialized and usually only have two main functions at most. If we compare that to prehistoric times it seems almost like a waste of materials. For instance you can use a rock for many different actions including, but not limited to: scraping, hammering, skinning, killing, and carving. Ultimately, I am not entirely sure how I would fairShow MoreRelatedWhat Is an Essay?1440 Words   |  6 PagesBuscemi Essay #3 Rough Draft An essay is a creative written piece in which the author uses different styles such as diction, tone, pathos, ethos or logos to communicate a message to the reader using either a personal experience, filled with morals and parables, or a informative text filled with educational terms. Educational terms could mean the usage of complicated and elevated words or simply information you would get in schools. Some authors, such as Cynthia Ozick, claim that an essay has noRead Morenarrative essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesNarrative Essay A Brief Guide to Writing Narrative Essays Narrative writing tells a story. In essays the narrative writing could also be considered reflection or an exploration of the author s values told as a story. The author may remember his or her past, or a memorable person or event from that past, or even observe the present. When you re writing a narrative essay, loosen up. After all, you re basically just telling a story to someone, something you probably do every day in casual conversationRead MoreApplication Essay : A Process Essay770 Words   |  4 Pagesassign an essay. The entire class lets out a groan that could be heard from miles away, however this doesn’t phase your professor. The essay is assigned: a process essay. Now what? What is a process essay? How do you go about writing one? How do you get the A you so desperately need? 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I love how persuasive essays have a call-to-action; giving the readers aRead MoreEnglish Composition One: To Be an Essay or Not to Be an Essay That Is the Question910 Words   |  4 Pages In the past, the mention to have to write a paper for an assignment caused me to break out in a sweat or my mouth instantly dries, well it does not have that kind of effect on me anymore. The key to successfully completing the essay on time is getting to researc h the topic at hand as soon as possible or before the process of writing begins. The next step for me would be to find the argument and take a side. Moreover, picking a thesis statement through brainstorming the information I gathered forRead More Flight Essay834 Words   |  4 Pages Essay on quot;Flightquot; amp;#9;It is always hard to get separated from someone you love and with whom you have shared every moment of his life until he decides to walk on a different path than yours. You dont know how to react and confusion dominates your mind. 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In our days computers have become an importantRead More Community Essay843 Words   |  4 Pagesan important effect on the shaping of a person’s character is key in both Pythia Peay’s essay, â€Å"Soul Searching† and Winona LaDuke’s interview transcribed in essay form entitled, â€Å"Reclaiming Culture and the Land: Motherhood and the Politics of Sustaining Community†. The two authors present ideas, similar and different, of what it means to live in and be a part of community. Through examining these two essays, summarizing and synthesizing, we can gain a better understanding of what community is and

Analysis of Immanuel Kants Arguements in The...

In the essay titled â€Å"Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals† published in the Morality and Moral Controversies course textbook, Immanuel Kant argues that the view of the world and its laws is structured by human concepts and categories, and the rationale of it is the source of morality which depends upon belief in the existence of God. In Kant’s work, categorical imperative was established in order to have a standard rationale from where all moral requirements derive. Therefore, categorical imperative is an obligation to act morally, out of duty and good will alone. In Immanuel Kant’s writing human reason and or rational are innate morals which are responsible for helping human. Needless to say, this also allows people to be able to†¦show more content†¦Freedom of the will can never be disproven or proven because will is influenced by the force outside of the human body and humans use reason to determine the law themselves. Rational people recogni ze themselves as free according to the categorical imperative. Though I found myself sometimes disagreeing with the philosophy by Immanuel Kant, I found his subjective reasoning to be thought-provoking. I was pulled by two different forces after Kant defined happiness as â€Å"the state of a rational being in the world in the whole of whose existence everything goes according to his wish and will.† This unconventional way of defining term of happiness strands away from the definition of happiness written by philosopher in the name of John Stuart Mill. Mill defines happiness as a state of â€Å"maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain.† In the writing, Immanuel argues that possession of wealth, health, or bravery can be used for afflicted purposes and these characteristics cannot be essentially good. To Kant, being worthy of happiness requires for one to possess a good will. The genuine good is the only unconditional good which is connected to a good will. Disastrous misfortunes can happen but the goodness of the will still remains. In this described above idea Immanuel provides a concrete support. According to my interpretation of the author’s idea and supporting statements, each day my actions consequentially are moderately influenced by Kant’s philosophy. I also believe that

Database Final Exam Free Essays

1. (Chapter 06): Describe a relational DBMS (RDBMS), its underlying data model, data storage structures, and manner of establishing data relationships: a. A relational DBMS (or RDMBS) is a data management system that implements a relational data model, one where data are stored in a collection of tables and the data relationships are represented by common valves, not links. We will write a custom essay sample on Database Final Exam or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pg. 247 b. Data are stored in a collection of tables and the data relationships are represented by common values not links. String| CARACTER (CHAR)CHARACTER VARYING (VARCHAR or VARCHAR2)BINARY LARGE OBJECT (BLOB)| Stores string values containing any character in a character set. CHAR is defined to be a fixed length. Stores string values containing any characters in a character set but of definable variable length. Stores binary string values in hexadecimal format. BLOB is defined to be a variable length. (Oracle also has CLOB and NCLOB, as well as BFILE for storing unstructured data outside the database. )| Number| NUMERICINTERGER(INT)| Stores exact numbers with a defined precision and scale. Stores exact numbers with a predefined precision and scale of zero| Temporal| TIMESTAMPTIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZON| Stores a moment an event occurs, using a definable fraction-of-a-second precision. Value adjusted to the user’s session time zone (available in Oracle and MySQL)| Boolean| BOOLEAN| Stores truth values: TRUE, FALSE or UNKNOWN| c. The relational data model assumes that you have completed the activity ‘An ER Model d. The power of the RDBMS is realized through†¦. The relationship existing between the tables. The relationships are established by including common column or columns in every table where a relationship is needed. . (Chapter 06): What are six potential benefits of achieving an SQL standard? Pg. 245-246 a. Reduce training cost b. Productivity c. Application portability d. Application longevity e. Reduce dependence on a single vendor f. Cross-system communication 3. (Chapter 07): Define each of the following key terms: a. Dynamic SQL: Specific S QL code generated on the fly while an application is processing. Pg. 326 b. Correlated subquery: Use the result of the outer query to determine the processing of the inner query. Pg. 303 c. Embedded SQL: Hard-coded SQL statements included in a program written in another language, such as C or Java. Pg. 323 d. Procedure: A collection of procedural and SQL statements that are assigned a unique name within the schema and stored in the database. Pg. 323 e. Join: A relational operation that causes two tables with a common domain to be combined into a single table or view. Pg. 290 f. Equi-join: A join in which the joining condition is based on equality between vales in the common columns. Common columns appear (redundantly) in the result table. P 291 g. Self-join: There are times when a join requires matching rows in a table with other rows in that same table – that is, joining table with itself. Pg. 297 . Outer join: A join in which rows that do not have matching values in common columns are nevertheless included in the result table. Pg. 293 i. Function: A stored subroutine that returns one value and has only input parameters. Pg323 j. Persistent Stored Modules (SQL/PSM): Extensions defined in SQL:1999 that include the capability to create and drop modules of code stored in t he database schema across user sessions. Pg. 319 4. (Chapter 07): Write the SQL Query needed to: Display CourseID and CourseName for all courses in the Course Table where the CourseID has an ‘ISM’ prefix: Query: SELECT [CourseTable]. CourseID, [CourseTable]. CourseName FROM CourseTable WHERE((([CourseTable]. CourseID)=†ISM†)); 5. (Chapter 08): What are the advantages/disadvantages of two-tier architectures? Pg. 339 An advantage of two-tier architecture The advantage of the two-tier design is its simplicity. The TopLink database session that builds the two-tier architecture provides all the TopLink features in a single session type, thereby making the two-tier architecture simple to build and use. A disadvantage of the two-tier architecture is The most important limitation of the two-tier architecture is that it is not scalable, ecause each client requires its own database session. * 6. (Chapter 08): What are six common steps to access databases? Pg. 340 * a. Identify and register a database driver b. Open a connection to a database c. Execute a query against the database d. Process the results of a query e. Repeat step 3-4 as necessary f. Close the connection to the database * * * 7. (Chapter 09): Wha t are the three major components of Data Warehouse architecture? Pg. 389 a. Operational data are stored in the various operational systems of record throughout the organization (and sometimes in external systems). . Reconciled data are the type of data stored in the enterprise data warehouse and an operational data stored. c. Derived data are the type of data stored in each of the data marts. * * 8. (Chapter 09): What are the four characteristics of a data warehouse? a. Subject Orientation: Data organized by subject b. Integration: Consistency of defining parameters c. Non-volatility: Stable data storage medium d. Time-variance: Timeliness of data and access terms * 9. (Chapter 09): What are the five claimed limitations of independent data marts? Pg. 384 . A separate ETL process is developed for each data mart, which can yield costly redundant data and processing efforts. b. Data marts may not be consistent with one another because they are often developed with different technologie s, and thus they may not provide a clear enterprise-wide view of data concerning important subjects such as customers, suppliers, and products. c. There is no capability to drill down into greater detail or into related facts in other data marts or a shared data repository, so analysis is limited, or at best very difficult. . Scaling costs are excessive because every new application that creates a separate data mart repeats all the extract and load steps. e. if there is an attempt to make the separate data marts consistent, the cost to do so is quite high. * 10. (Chapter 09): What are the three types of operations that can be easily performed with OLAP tools? Pg. 214-215 a. Relational OLAP (ROLAP) –Star Schema based b. Multidimensional OLAP (MOLAP) –Cube based c. Hybrid OLAP (HOLAP) * 11. (Chapter 10): What are the four key components of a data governance program? Pg. 435 . Sponsorship from both senior management and business units b. A data steward manager to support, train, and coordinate the data stewards c. Data stewards for different business units, data subjects, source systems, or combinations of these elements d. A governance committee, headed by one person, but composed of data steward managers, executives and senior vice presidents, IT leadership and others business leaders, to set strategic goals, coordinate activities, and provide guidelines and standards for all data management activities. * * 12. Chapter 10): What are the four ways that data capture processes can be improved to improve data quality? According to Inmon (2004), there are several actions that can be taken at the original data capture step: Pg. 441 a. Enter as much of the data as possible via automatic, not human, means (e. g. , from data stored in a smart card or pulled from a database, such as retrieving current values for addresses, account numbers, and other personal characteristics). b. Where data must be entered manually, ensure that it is selected from preset opt ions (e. . , drop-down menus of selections pulled from the database), if possible. c. Use trained operators when possible (help systems and good prompts/examples can assist end users in proper data entry). d. Follow good user interface design principles that create consistent screen layouts, easy to follow navigation paths, clear data entry masks and formats (which can be defined in DDL), minimal use of obscure codes can be looked up and displayed from the database, not in the application programs), etc. . Immediately check entered data for quality against data in the database, so use triggers and user-defined procedures liberally to make sure that only high-quality data enter the database; wen questionable data are entered (e. g. , â€Å"T for gender), immediate and understandable feedback should be given to the operator, questioning the validity of the data. How to cite Database Final Exam, Papers

Digital Image Processing free essay sample

Digital signal processor [edit] Typical characteristics Digital signal processing algorithms typically require a large number of mathematical operations to be performed quickly and repetitively on a set of data. Signals (perhaps from audio or video sensors) are constantly converted from analog to digital, manipulated digitally, and then converted again to analog form, as diagrammed below. Many DSP applications have constraints on latency; that is, for the system to work, the DSP operation must be completed within some fixed time, and deferred (or batch) processing is not viable. A simple digital processing system Most general-purpose microprocessors and operating systems can execute DSP algorithms successfully, but are not suitable for use in portable devices such as mobile phones and PDAs because of power supply and space constraints. A specialized digital signal processor, however, will tend to provide a lower-cost solution, with better performance, lower latency, and no requirements for specialized cooling or large batteries. The architecture of a digital signal processor is optimized specifically for digital signal processing. Most also support some of the features as an applications processor or microcontroller, since signal processing is rarely the only task of a system. Some useful features for optimizing DSP algorithms are outlined below. [edit] Architecture By the standards of general purpose processors, DSP instruction sets are often highly irregular. One implication for software architecture is that hand-optimized assembly is commonly packaged into libraries for re-use, instead of relying on unusually advanced compiler technologies to handle essential algorithms. Hardware features visible through DSP instruction sets commonly include: †¢Hardware modulo addressing, allowing circular buffers to be implemented without having to constantly test for wrapping. †¢A memory architecture designed for streaming data, using DMA extensively and expecting code to be written to know about cache hierarchies and the associated delays. †¢Driving multiple arithmetic units may require memory architectures to support several accesses per instruction cycle †¢Separate rogram and data memories (Harvard architecture), and sometimes concurrent access on multiple data busses †¢Special SIMD (single instruction, multiple data) operations †¢Some processors use VLIW techniques so each instruction drives multiple arithmetic units in parallel †¢Special arithmetic operations, such as fast multiply-accumulates (MACs). Many fundamental DSP algorithms, such as FIR filters or the Fast Fourier transform (FFT) depend heavily on multiply-accumulate performance. Bit-reversed addressing, a special addressing mode useful for calculating FFTs †¢Special loop controls, such as architectural support for executing a few instruction words in a very tight loop without overhead for instruction fetches or exit testing †¢Deliberate exclusion of a memory management unit. DSPs frequently use multi-tasking operating systems, but have no support for virtual memory or memory protection. Operating systems that use virtual memory require more time for context switching among processes, which increases latency. edit] Program flow †¢Floating-point unit integrated directly into the datapath †¢Pipelined architecture †¢Highly parallel multiplier–accumulators (MAC units) †¢Hardware-controlled looping, to reduce or eliminate the overhead required for looping operations [edit] Memory architecture †¢DSPs often use special memory architectures that are able to fetch multiple data and/or instructions at the same ti me: oHarvard architecture oModified von Neumann architecture †¢Use of direct memory access †¢Memory-address calculation unit edit] Data operations †¢Saturation arithmetic, in which operations that produce overflows will accumulate at the maximum (or minimum) values that the register can hold rather than wrapping around (maximum+1 doesnt overflow to minimum as in many general-purpose CPUs, instead it stays at maximum). Sometimes various sticky bits operation modes are available. †¢Fixed-point arithmetic is often used to speed up arithmetic processing †¢Single-cycle operations to increase the benefits of pipelining [edit] Instruction sets Multiply-accumulate (MAC, aka fused multiply-add, FMA) operations, which are used extensively in all kinds of matrix operations, such as convolution for filtering, dot product, or even polynomial evaluation (see Horner scheme) †¢Instructions to increase parallelism: SIMD, VLIW, superscalar architecture †¢Specialized instructions for modulo addressing in ring buffers and bit-reversed addressing mode for FFT cross-referencing †¢Digital signal processors sometimes use time-stationary encoding to simplify hardware and increase coding efficiency. [edit] History Prior to the advent of stand-alone DSP chips discussed below, most DSP applications were implemented using bit-slice processors. The AMD 2901 bit-slice chip with its family of components was a very popular choice. There were reference designs from AMD, but very often the specifics of a particular design were application specific. These bit slice architectures would sometimes include a peripheral multiplier chip. Examples of these multipliers were a series from TRW including the TDC1008 and TDC1010, some of which included an accumulator, providing the requisite multiply-accumulate (MAC) function. In 1978, Intel released the 2920 as an analog signal processor. It had an on-chip ADC/DAC with an internal signal processor, but it didnt have a hardware multiplier and was not successful in the market. In 1979, AMI released the S2811. It was designed as a microprocessor peripheral, and it had to be initialized by the host. The S2811 was likewise not successful in the market. In 1980 the first stand-alone, complete DSPs – the NEC  µPD7720 and ATT DSP1 – were presented at the International Solid-State Circuits Conference 80. Both processors were inspired by the research in PSTN telecommunications. The Altamira DX-1 was another early DSP, utilizing quad integer pipelines with delayed branches and branch prediction. The first DSP produced by Texas Instruments (TI), the TMS32010 presented in 1983, proved to be an even bigger success. It was based on the Harvard architecture, and so had separate instruction and data memory. It already had a special instruction set, with instructions like load-and-accumulate or multiply-and-accumulate. It could work on 16-bit numbers and needed 390 ns for a multiply-add operation. TI is now the market leader in general-purpose DSPs. Another successful design was the Motorola 56000. About five years later, the second generation of DSPs began to spread. They had 3 memories for storing two operands simultaneously and included hardware to accelerate tight loops, they also had an addressing unit capable of loop-addressing. Some of them operated on 24-bit variables and a typical model only required about 21 ns for a MAC (multiply-accumulate). Members of this generation were for example the AT DSP16A or the Motorola DSP56001. The main improvement in the third generation was the appearance of application-specific units and instructions in the data path, or sometimes as coprocessors. These units allowed direct hardware acceleration of very specific but complex mathematical problems, like the Fourier-transform or matrix operations. Some chips, like the Motorola MC68356, even included more than one processor core to work in parallel. Other DSPs from 1995 are the TI TMS320C541 or the TMS 320C80. The fourth generation is best characterized by the changes in the instruction set and the instruction encoding/decoding. SIMD extensions were added, VLIW and the superscalar architecture appeared. As always, the clock-speeds have increased, a 3 ns MAC now became possible. [edit] Modern DSPs Modern signal processors yield greater performance; this is due in part to both technological and architectural advancements like lower design rules, fast-access two-level cache, (E)DMA circuitry and a wider bus system. Not all DSPs provide the same speed and many kinds of signal processors exist, each one of them being better suited for a specific task, ranging in price from about US$1. 0 to US$300 Texas Instruments produce the C6000 series DSP’s, which have clock speeds of 1. 2 GHz and implement separate instruction and data caches. They also have an 8 MiB 2nd level cache and 64 EDMA channels. The top models are capable of as many as 8000 MIPS (instructions per second), use VLIW (very long instruction word), perform eight operations per clock-cycle and are compatible with a broad range of external periphera ls and various buses (PCI/serial/etc). TMS320C6474 chips each have three such DSPs, and the newest generation C6000 chips support floating point as well as fixed point processing. Freescale produce a multi-core DSP family, the MSC81xx. The MSC81xx is based on StarCore Architecture processors and the latest MSC8144 DSP combines four programmable SC3400 StarCore DSP cores. Each SC3400 StarCore DSP core has a clock speed of 1 GHz. Analog Devices produce the SHARC-based DSP and range in performance from 66 MHz/198 MFLOPS (million floating-point operations per second) to 400 MHz/2400 MFLOPS. Some models support multiple multipliers and ALUs, SIMD instructions and audio processing-specific components and peripherals. The Blackfin family of embedded digital signal processors combine the features of a DSP with those of a general use processor. As a result, these processors can run simple operating systems like ? CLinux, velOSity and Nucleus RTOS while operating on real-time data. NXP Semiconductors produce DSPs based on TriMedia VLIW technology, optimized for audio and video processing. In some products the DSP core is hidden as a fixed-function block into a SoC, but NXP also provides a range of flexible single core media processors. The TriMedia media processors support both fixed-point arithmetic as well as floating-point arithmetic, and have specific instructions to deal with complex filters and entropy coding. Most DSPs use fixed-point arithmetic, because in real world signal processing the additional range provided by floating point is not needed, and there is a large speed benefit and cost benefit due to reduced hardware complexity. Floating point DSPs may be invaluable in applications where a wide dynamic range is required. Product developers might also use floating point DSPs to reduce the cost and complexity of software development in exchange for more expensive hardware, since it is generally easier to implement algorithms in floating point. Generally, DSPs are dedicated integrated circuits; however DSP functionality can also be produced by using field-programmable gate array chips (FPGA’s). Embedded general-purpose RISC processors are becoming increasingly DSP like in functionality. For example, the ARM Cortex-A8 and the OMAP3 processors include a Cortex-A8 and C6000 DSP. [edit] See also †¢Digital signal controller [edit] References 1. ^ Yovits, Marshall C. (1993). Advances in computers. 37. Academic Press. pp. 105–107. http://books. google. com. sg/books? id=vL-bB7GALAwCpg=PA105. 2. ^ Liptak, Bela G. (2006). Instrument Engineers Handbook: Process control and optimization. 2. CRC Press. pp. 11–12. http://books. google. com/books? id=TxKynbyaIAMC=PA11.